[Doctor and patient: Paul Flechsig and Daniel Paul Schreber]. / Arzt und Patient: Paul Flechsig und Daniel Paul Schreber.

During his three stays in psychiatric institutions between 1884 and 1911, Daniel Paul Schreber was also twice treated in the psychiatric and neurological hospital of Leipzig University headed by Paul Flechsig. In his "Memoirs of a Nervous Patient," Schreber also described the treatment he had received there, which in his perception seemed to be of crucial importance for his later fate. Research on the Schreber case in the last 25 years, based mainly on the interpretation of his own memoirs, supported the view that in fact Flechsig was to blame to a great extent for the outbreak of Schreber's paranoid schizophrenia in February 1894. This paper aims at forwarding exonerating arguments in favor of Flechsig, concluding that what he did did not differ distinctively from the standard tenets of organic psychiatry taught at that time. Of course this does not change the fact that Schreber did not receive the right kind of treatment. However, it puts Flechsig's approach into the right perspective.

[Colloquial terminology in German depicting mentally ill and odd people. Etymologic-sociolinguistic review]. / Allgemeinsprachliche Bezeichnungen für psychisch Kranke und Auffällige im Deutschen. Etymologisch-sprachweltbildliche Reflexionen.

OBJECTIVE: This paper investigates the picture of the mentally ill in German colloquial language. METHOD: The empirically collected single words and phrases were subject to systematic semantical, linguo-historical as well as etymological investigations, the results of which were then contrasted with selected psychiatric concepts of the 18th/19th century. RESULTS: Most of the words found aim at the head or brain which are often compared with a mechanism and regarded as the actual starting point of the disease. Other terms refer to blows or other mechanical impressions as the cause of mental illnesses. There is another group of words depicting weakness or even total loss of mind. Some of the ideas expressed by the words or structures analysed coincide with concepts psychiatrists had in the past. Many of the words even had been terms in psychiatric theory before they became part of the everyday language after having been loaded with negative connotative meanings making them inappropriate for being a scientific term. Some lexemes have been taken over from other languages, above all from English. CONCLUSION: Language mirrors stigmatisation of mentally ill people by society in an extraordinarily drastic way. Thus the colloquial names for them share the same fate as the words for other--ethnic, sexual, whatsoever--minorities: by pure means of language those people are regarded as somewhat strange, not belonging, something negative one does not wish to have contact with. On the other hand however, there have always been attempts to counter this by replacing negatively connotated words by other, neutral or even positive ones. Thus was the introduction of the new word nervenkrank ("ill in the nerves", cf English brainsick) in the 19th century, making mentally ill people even to bodily ill ones, what meant an enormous enhancement in value for both the patients and the psychiatrists. Today's name Betroffene ("affect-ed") is another example for those attempts. As can be seen from the historical retrospective this had been the case in former times as well.